Thursday, July 30, 2009

External links

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ Houghton Miffin Company (2006)
  2. ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948". http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs2.htm.
  3. ^ See:
    • Firestone (1999) p. 118;
    • "Muhammad", Encyclopedia of Islam Online
  4. ^ See:
    • Watt, Muhammad at Medina
    • R. B. Serjeant (1964), "The Constitution of Medina", Islamic Quarterly 8, p. 4
  5. ^ Mayer (2000) p. 110
  6. ^ Eleanor Roosevelt: Address to the United Nations General Assembly 10 December 1948 in Paris, France
  7. ^ (A/RES/217, 1948-12-10 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris)
  8. ^ Ball, Gready
  9. ^ a b c d Glendon, Mary Ann (July 2004). "The Rule of Law in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights 2 (5). http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v2/5/.
  10. ^ Glendon (2001)
  11. ^ http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/DK02Aa02.html
  12. ^ a b c Ball, Gready (2007) p.34
  13. ^ Ball, Gready (2007) p.35
  14. ^ Littman, David G. (19 January 2003). Human Rights and Human Wrongs. http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-littman011903.asp. "The principal aim of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was to create a framework for a universal code based on mutual consent. The early years of the United Nations were overshadowed by the division between the Western and Communist conceptions of human rights, although neither side called into question the concept of universality. The debate centered on which "rights" — political, economic, and social — were to be included among the Universal Instruments".
  15. ^ a b c "Council of Europe Human Rights". Council of Europe. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_rights/. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
  16. ^ Kissinger, Henry (July/August 2001). "The Pitfall of Universal Jurisdiction". Foreign Affairs. http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html.
  17. ^ Ball, Gready (2007) p.92
  18. ^ "United Nations Rights Council Page". United Nations News Page. http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=114&Body=human%20rights%20council&Body1=.
  19. ^ "The United Nations System" (PDF). http://www.un.org/aboutun/chart_en.pdf.
  20. ^ UN Charter, Article 39
  21. ^ Ball, Gready (2007) p.95
  22. ^ The Security Council referred the human rights situation in Darfur in Sudan to the ICC despite the fact that Sudan has a functioning legal system
  23. ^ "AU Member States". African Union. http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/memberstates/map.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  24. ^ "AU in a Nutshell". http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AboutAu/au_in_a_nutshell_en.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  25. ^ African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
  26. ^ a b "Mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights". http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/mandate_en.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  27. ^ "Protocol to the African Charter on human and peoples' rights on the establishment of an African court on human and peoples' rights". http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/court_en.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  28. ^ "Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union" (PDF). African Union. http://www.africa-union.org/official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/Protocol%20to%20the%20African%20Court%20of%20Justice%20-%20Maputo.pdf.
  29. ^ "Open Letter to the Chairman of the African Union (AU) seeking clarifications and assurances that the Establishment of an effective African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights will not be delayed or undermined" (PDF). Amnesty International. 5 August 2004. http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/dc501e2c-a5f9-11dc-bc7d-3fb9ac69fcbb/ior630082004en.pdf.
  30. ^ "African Court of Justice". African International Courts and Tribunals. http://www.aict-ctia.org/courts_conti/acj/acj_home.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
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  33. ^ "Directory of OAS Authorities". Organization of American States. http://www.oas.org/documents/eng/biographies.asp?group=hhrr. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  34. ^ "What is the IACHR?". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. http://www.cidh.oas.org/what.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  35. ^ "Inter-American Court on Human Rights homepage". Inter-American Court on Human Rights. http://www.corteidh.or.cr/index.cfm?CFID=25331&CFTOKEN=36922058. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
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  37. ^ Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved March 14, 2007
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  39. ^ "The Concept and Foundations and Objectives of the CCASG". http://gcc-sg.org/Foundations.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  40. ^ a b "About the Asia Cooperation Dialogue". Asia Cooperation Dialogue. http://www.acddialogue.com/about/index.php. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  41. ^ "Charter of CCASG". http://gcc-sg.org/CHARTER.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  42. ^ "Human Rights Watch Asia". http://www.hrw.org/asia/. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  43. ^ "Social Charter". Council of Europe. http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_Rights/Esc/. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
  44. ^ "The Council of Europe in Brief". http://www.coe.int/T/e/Com/about_coe/. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
  45. ^ Juncker, Jean-Claude (11 April 2006). "Council of Europe - European Union: "A sole ambition for the European Continent"" (PDF). Council of Europe. http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2006/04/11conseil_europe/english_mod.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
  46. ^ a b c "Historical Background to the European Court of Human Rights". European Court of Human Rights. http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/The+Court/The+Court/History+of+the+Court/. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
  47. ^ "About the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture". European Committee for the Prevention of Torture. http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/about.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
  48. ^ Shellens (1959)
  49. ^ Jaffa (1979)
  50. ^ Sills (1968, 1972) Natural Law
  51. ^ van Dun, Frank. "Natural Law". http://users.ugent.be/~frvandun/Texts/Logica/NaturalLaw.htm. Retrieved on 2007-12-28.
  52. ^ Kohen (2007)
  53. ^ Weston, Burns H.. "Human Rights". Encyclopedia Britannica Online, p. 2. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106289?query=human%20rights&ct=eb. Retrieved on 2006-05-18.
  54. ^ a b Salevao (2005) p.76
  55. ^ Fagan, Andrew (2006). "Human Rights". The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hum-rts.htm#SH4b. Retrieved on 2008-01-01.
  56. ^ Finnis (1980)
  57. ^ Nathwani (2003) p.25
  58. ^ Arnhart (1998)
  59. ^ Clayton, Schloss (2004)
  60. ^ Paul, Miller, Paul (2001): Arnhart, Larry. Thomistic Natural Law as Darwinian Natural Right p.1
  61. ^ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1330693
  62. ^ McIntyre, Alisdair "After Virtue" p. 69 Duckworth 1981
  63. ^ Light (2002)
  64. ^ Scott (1989
  65. ^ Ball, Gready (2007) p.37
  66. ^ a b Alston (2005)
  67. ^ Ball, Gready. (2007) p.42
  68. ^ Littman (1999)
  69. ^ Ball, Gready (2007) p.25
  70. ^ Chee, S.J. (3 July 2003). Human Rights: Dirty Words in Singapore. Activating Human Rights and Diversity Conference (Byron Bay, Australia).
  71. ^ Tunick (2006)
  72. ^ Beate (2005)
  73. ^ Ignatief, M. (2001) p.68
  74. ^ "Corporations and Human Rights". Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/worldreport99/special/corporations.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  75. ^ "Transnational corporations should be held to human rights standards - UN expert". UN News Centre. 13 October 2003. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=8536&Cr=right&Cr1=food. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  76. ^ "Norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights". UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.Sub.2.2003.12.Rev.2.En.. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  77. ^ "Report oto the Economic and Social Council on the sixtieth session of the commission (E/CN.4/2004/L.11/Add.7)" (PDF). United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 81. http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/e06a5300f90fa0238025668700518ca4/169143c3c1009015c1256e830058c441/$FILE/G0413976.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  78. ^ Tierney (1997)
  79. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke
  80. ^ Vaughn (1978)
  81. ^ a b Cook, Rebecca J.; Mahmoud F. Fathalla (September 1996). "Advancing Reproductive Rights Beyond Cairo and Beijing". 'International Family Planning Perspectives' 22 (3): 115–121. doi:10.2307/2950752. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0190-3187%28199609%2922%3A3%3C115%3AARRBCA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E. Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
  82. ^ a b c Freedman, Lynn P.; Stephen L. Isaacs (Jan. - Feb. 1993). "Human Rights and Reproductive Choice"". 'Studies in Family Planning' 24 (1): 18–30. doi:10.2307/2939211. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0039-3665%28199301%2F02%2924%3A1%3C18%3AHRARC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A. Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
  83. ^ "Proclamation of Teheran". International Conference on Human Rights. 1968. http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/b_tehern.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-08.
  84. ^ a b Amnesty International USA (2007). "Stop Violence Against Women: Reproductive rights" (in English) (HTML). SVAW. Amnesty International USA. http://www.amnestyusa.org/Stop_Violence_Against_Women_SVAW/Reproductive_Rights/page.do?id=1108242&n1=3&n2=39&n3=1101. Retrieved on 2007-12-08. ""Reproductive rights - access to sexual and reproductive healthcare and autonomy in sexual and reproductive decision-making - are human rights; they are universal, indivisible, and undeniable. These rights are founded upon principles of human dignity and equality, and have been enshrined in international human rights documents. Reproductive rights embrace core human rights, including the right to health, the right to be free from discrimination, the right to privacy, the right not to be subjected to torture or ill-treatment, the right to determine the number and spacing of one's children, and the right to be free from sexual violence. Reproductive rights include the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children, and the right to have the information and means to implement those decisions free from discrimination, coercion, and violence. Reproductive rights also include the right to the highest standards of sexual and reproductive healthcare.""
  85. ^ Template
  86. ^ a b "The Resource Part II: Human Rights in Times of Emergencies". United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/comp210.htm#10.2. Retrieved on 2007-12-31.
  87. ^ Children of the Camps | Internment Timeline
  88. ^ The Great Purge
  89. ^ "Fox News Report". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,316382,00.html.
  90. ^ "UK Law Lords Rule Indefinite Detention Breaches Human Rights". Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/12/16/uk9890.htm.
  91. ^ Amnesty International Report 2004. Amnesty International. 2004. ISBN 0862103541.
  92. ^ Davenport, Christian. "Stop Our States (SOS): Analyzing and Ending State Repression". http://web.mac.com/christiandavenport/iWeb/Christian%20Davenport/Stop%20Our%20States%20%28SOS%29.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-19.
  93. ^ http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/charter_en.html
  94. ^ http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/a-52.html
  95. ^ Garrett Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons", Science, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (December 13, 1968), pp. 1243-1248. Also available here and here.
  96. ^ Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generation Towards the Future Generation
  97. ^ "2000 CCAR Resolution". http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/18-03-08.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-12.
  98. ^ "2003 URJ Resolution". http://urj.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=13462&pge_prg_id=57308&pge_id=1607. Retrieved on 2008-10-12.
  99. ^ "John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner v. State of Texax". http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/briefs/02-102/02-102.mer.ami.aob.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-10-12.
  100. ^ "Human Rights Campaign". http://www.hrc.org/index.htm. Retrieved on 2007-12-31.
  101. ^ http://www.pinknews.co.uk/
  102. ^ http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9811.html
  103. ^ "Should trade be considered a human right?". COPLA. 09 December 2008. http://www.cop-la.net/en/node/523.
  104. ^ Fernandez, Soraya (09 December 2008). "Protecting access to markets". COPLA. http://www.cop-la.net/en/node/526.
  105. ^ Jones, Nicola and Hayley Baker (March 2008). "Untangling links between trade, poverty and gender". Overseas Development Institute. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/38-untangling-links-trade-poverty-gender.pdf.
  106. ^ Ellis, Karen and Jodie Keane (November 2008). "Do we need a new 'Good for Development' label?". Overseas Development Institute. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/opinions/115-good-for-development-label.pdf.
  107. ^ Mareike Meyn (09 December 2008). "Beyond rights: Trading to win". COPLA. http://www.cop-la.net/en/node/524.
  108. ^ Sutherland, Ben (17 March 2003). "Water forum no 'talking shop'". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2856755.stm.
  109. ^ "2003 International Year of Water website press kit". United Nations Department of Public Information. http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=2915&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-28.
  110. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Article 5
  111. ^ http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty
  112. ^ United Nations resolution 62/149
  113. ^ Amnesty International Report 2008: Singapore
  114. ^ Amnesty International - No Hiding Place for Torture - 5 June 2008
  115. ^ http://www.rata.ca Russell Barth's Ontario Human Rights Challenge Against the Ontario Government
  116. ^ http://www.canada.com/ch/chchnews/story.html?id=854bb17a-d3e2-4f8a-a592-831722d64443 Settlement in Gator Ted's pot case: Medical marijuana smoker claimed discrimination